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TURNER, Victor Witter, zum Katholizismus konvertierter schottischer Afrikanist, Ethnologe und Kulturanthropologe, * 28.5. 1920 in Glasgow, † 18.12. 1983 in Charlottesville, Virginia (USA). - T., Sohn des Elektoringenieurs Captain Norman Turner und der Schauspielerin Violet Witter, einem Gründungsensemblemitglied des Scottish National Theatre, zog elfjährig mit seiner dann geschiedenen Mutter von Schottland zu den Großeltern nach Bournemouth, wo er die Grammar School besuchte. 1938 begann T. das Studium der Anglistik am University College, London, mußte dieses aber 1941 kriegsbedingt unterbrechen. Als Pazifist und Kriegsdienstgegner wurde T. als Bombenräumer (bomb disposal soldier) eingesetzt. Nach dem Kriegsende kehrte T., der aufgrund des desolaten Immobilienmarktes nun mit seiner Frau Edith (s.u.) und zwei Söhnen in einem Wohnwagen in Rugby Town lebte, an das University College zurück, wo er sich nach der Lektüre von (s.d.) Margaret Meads "Coming of Age in Samoa" (1928) und Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Browns "The Andaman Islanders" (1922) der Anthropologie zuwandte und bei u.a. (s.d.) Raymond William Firth, Daryll Forde, Meyer Fortes, Edmund R[onald] Leach, Siegfried Nadel und Radcliffe-Brown studierte. Nach seiner ausgezeichneten Graduierung zum M.A. (1949) wechselte T. an das vom exilierten Max Gluckman (s.d.) gegründete Anthropologische Institut der University of Manchester, wo er ein Reisestipendium für Feldforschungen vom Rhodes-Livingstone Institute erhielt und die Mambwe studieren sollte. Nach seiner Ankunft in Lusaka erreichte ihn ein Telegramm Gluckmans, das vor einer Malariaepidemie warnte und alternativ die Ndembu vorschlug; diesen Stamm im heutigen Sambia beobachtete T. nun vom Dorf Mukanza aus. Erste Forschungsresultate schrieb T. als Dissertation nieder, die 1957 unter dem Titel "Schism and continuity in an African society: A study of Ndembu village life" erschien. 1961 publizierte T. eine Studie über Heilungsrituale der Ndembu, deren ganzes Gesellschaftsleben um rituellen Symbolismus kreist, die ihm tieferen Aufschluß über Wesen und Funktion des Rituals gaben: Symbole stellen Basis- oder Molekulareinheiten prozessual-rituellen Verhaltens dar und sind sowohl polysem als auch ambivalent, so daß sie sich allen an dem Ritual Beteiligten kognitiv erschließen und sie als Individuen auch zu verändern vermögen (s.u.). T. unterscheidet sich von der britischen Sozialanthropologie also schon alleine dadurch, daß er weniger Ritualforscher war sondern Interpret symbolischen Verhaltens, wie es sich beispielsweise in Ritualen ausdrückt. - T.s akademische Laufbahn begann 1961, als er als Fellow an das "Center for Advanced Behavioral Sciences" der Stanford University berufen wurde. 1962 kehrte T. für kurze Zeit nach Manchester zurück, wo er 1963 die Berufung an die New Yorker Cornell University erhielt, der er 1964 folgte. 1968 wechselte T. auf den Lehrstuhl für Anthropologie und "Social Thought" an der University of Chicago, wo er sich dem "Committee on Social Thought" anschloß, dem u.a. auch Hannah Arendt (s.d.) und der Schriftsteller und spätere Literaturnobelpreisträger (1976) Saul Bellow (10. 6. [?] 1915-5. 4. 2005) angehörten. 1977 übernahm T. die William R. Kenan-Professur für Anthropologie und Religion an der University of Virginia in Charlottesville. - In "The ritual process: Structure and anti-structure", den an der University of Rochester zwischen dem 5. und 14. 4. 1966 gehaltenen Lewis Henry Morgan Lectures untersuchte T. Übergangsriten wie Altergruppen-, Orts-, Status- oder Zustandswechsel und untergliederte sie dreifach nach dem Vorgang von Arnold van Gennep ([s.d.]: Trennung [séparation], Übergang [marge] und Inkorporation [agrégation]) in Trennungs-, Schwellen- und Angliederungsphase als symbolische Anti-Struktur zur Struktur des Alltags, wobei er sein Augenmerk auf den Schwebezustand der Schwellenphase legte. Hier steht das in Transition befindliche Subjekt vorübergehend außerhalb sozialer und kultureller Ordnungen, in die es in der Angliederungsphase erst wieder integriert wird, dafür aber unterliegt es den Regeln des Rituals. Für diese liminale Phase postulierte T., daß anstelle der Alltagsgesellschaft als "strukturiertes, differenziertes und oft hierarchisch gegliedertes System politischer, rechtlicher und wirtschaftlicher Positionen" (Das Ritual. Struktur und Anti-Struktur, 96) nun eine sozietales Modell trete, dessen Kennzeichen nur die rudimentär strukturierte (idealtypisch anti-strukturierte) Gemeinschaft ist mit dem Aspekt der Gleichbehandlung der Initianden bzw. Neophyten, für dessen Bezeichnung T. von Paul (1911-1972) und Percival Goodman (1904-1989) den Begriff der "Communitas" entlehnte (Goodman/Goodman; vgl. im Prinzip schon T., Betwixt and between: The liminal period in rites de passage, 1964, explizit The ritual process: Structure and anti-structure, 1969) und das in binärer Begrifflichkeit das Gegenteil der Alltagswirklichkeit abbildet (vgl. Das Ritual. Struktur und Anti-Struktur, 128-158 und 159-163). Gerade die Communitas-Erfahrung verleiht den Riten ihr transitorisches Potential und unterscheidet sie vom bloßen affirmativen Zeremoniell. "Communitas" ist allerdings eine Anti-Struktur zur Gesellschaftsstruktur, die (wie Rituale übrigens auch) nicht zwingend religiös grundiert sein muß; sie bildet sich nach T. in drei möglichen Formen aus: als (a) vorübergehende Zeit zwischen den Zeiten und spontan konstituiert, (b) normative Communitas, die sich alternativ zur Gesellschaft mit Anspruch auf Dauerhaftigkeit gründet und (c) ideologische Communitas, die ihre Grundideale von sanktionierten Gegenentwürfen menschlichen Zusammenlebens ableitet. T.s interpretativer Ansatz führt nun auch zu einer doppelten Bestimmung von Religion, wenn sie einerseits das individuell-kognitiv artikulierbare Für-wahr-Halten metaphysischer Überzeugungen, andererseits den kollektiven Ritualvollzug impliziert. - Analog zur Liminalität der Schwellenzustände bezeichnete T. mit dem Liminoiden den Zustand von Gruppen am gesellschaftlichen Rand westlicher Kulturen (z.B. Künstler- oder Sportlerszene; Hippie-Bewegung). - Das entscheidend Neue an T.s Ansatz ist die auf seine Feldforschung bei den Ndembu zurückgehende Arbeitshypothese, daß Riten soziale Dramen abbilden, ihre Symbolik also auch makro- und mikrosoziologisch deutbar sind. Soziale Dramen resultieren aus dem offensichtlichen Bruch gesellschaftlicher Normen, die die tiefliegenden Spannungen und Konflikte innerhalb der Sozietät aufdecken, in denen sie sich abspielen, und erfordern die Aufarbeitung durch die Beteiligten; als westliche Referenzbeispiele dienen T. z.B. die Dreyfus-Affäre (1894-1898) bzw. der Watergate-Skandal (1972-1974). "Rituals of affliction" setzen kathartisch-reintegrative Mechanismen in Gang, um mögliche Konflikte zu bereinigen; die liminale Phase zeichnet dabei vor, ob der Bruch heilbar ist oder definitiv zum Schisma führt. Dem Bereich des Liminoiden rechnete T. z.B. Pilgerfahrten zu, da hier unter den Wallfahrenden "Communitas" entstehe (The Center out There: Pilgrim´s Goal, 1973). Bemerkenswert ist, daß T. im Lauf seiner Ritualforschungen seinen anfänglichen agnostisch-materialistischen Standpunkt aufgab und sich der römisch-katholischen Kirche anschloß. - T.s Distinktionen weisen strukturelle Nähen zum soziologischen Denken von (s.d.) Emile Durkheim (s.d.) mit dessen differenzierendem Solidaritätsbegriff sowie zu Ferdinand Tönnies und dessen Unterscheidung zwischen Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft auf; Ähnlichkeiten mit dem für Claude Lévi-Strauss (s.d.) kennzeichenden Strukturalismus, den Edmund R[onald] Leach vermittelte, liegen aber nur insofern vor, als es T. um die Freilegung "identische[r] Denkstruktur[en]" geht, "die große Unterschiede kultureller Erfahrung artikuliert[en]" (Das Ritual. Struktur und Anti-Struktur, 4). - In seinem Spätwerk vollzog T., der sich nun auch Fragen der Neurobiologie, dem japanischen Theater und dem Phänomen des brasilianischen Karnevals zuwandte, die sog. "performative Wende" in der Symbolinterpretation; Performanzen als Scheinwelten des "as if" setzen die Vielschichtigkeit der rituell bedeutsamen Symbole kreativ ein. Performatives Handeln in modernen Gesellschaften gewinnt nun aber eine ganz andere Dimension als in traditionellen Stammesgesellschaften, denn hier dient kreativ-rituelles Handeln letztlich immer wieder der Rückkehr in den Alltag und damit auch der Stabilisierung der gewohnten Strukturen, während moderne Gesellschaften durch dynamische Veränderung gekennzeichnet sind. - In jüngerer Zeit beginnt die wissenschaftliche Theologie Aspekte des Werkes T.s zu rezipieren. Sein Liminalitätsverständnis, das seinen symbolischen Ausdruck in der Paradoxie des gleichzeitigen Hier-und-Dort-Seins findet, mag ein fruchtbarer Ansatz zum Verständnis [früh]christlicher Frömmigkeit, Statuswechsel und Selbstpräsentation sein (vgl. z.B. Meeks [1983], McVenn [1991, 1994]; Bechtler [1998]; Strecker [1999] bes. zu Gal 1,11-17, Phil 3,2-21 und Röm 6,3-4; Schnabl [2001] und zuletzt Lee [2004]). T.s Ritualtheorie steht in gewisser Weise in der Verlängerung der Kulttheorie von Sigmund Mowinckel (s.d.), die in der alttestamentlichen Wissenschaft kaum rezipiert wurde (Podella [1999]). Über die allmähliche T.-Rezeption in der Praktischen Theologie, an deren Anfang u.a. Henning Luther (s.d.) steht, fand sie Eingang in das "Taufbuch" der Evangelischen Kirche der Union (EKU, 2000). - Die Society for Humanistic Anthropology (SHA) vergibt seit 1990 jährlich den mit 500 US-$ dotierten Victor Turner Prize in Ethnographic Writing. - T. war seit 1943 mit der Arzttochter und Anthropologin Edith Lucy B. geb. Davis ("Edie", * 1921) verheiratet, die heute noch als Lecturer am Department of Anthropology an der University of Virginia und Herausgeberin der Zeitschrift "Anthropology and Humanism" (ISSN: 0193-5615) wirkt. T. verstarb unerwartet durch Herzinfarkt und hinterläßt ein anregendes Werk, dessen Spätteil insgesamt fragmentarisch bleibt. Seinem Wunsch gemäß wurde sein Leichnam sowohl nach dem Ritus der katholischen Kirche als auch nach Ritualmotiven der Ndembu bestattet.
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(Symbol, myth and ritual ser.), Ithaca, NY/London 1974, 272-299; - Symbols and Social Experience in Religious Ritual, in: Studia Missionalia. Annual publ. by the Faculty of Missiology, Gregorian University [Roma] 23 (1974), 1-21; Pilgrimage and Communitas, in: Studia Missionalia. Annual publ. by the Faculty of Missiology, Gregorian University [Roma] 23 (1974), 305-327; Revelation and divination in Ndembu ritual (Symbol, myth, and ritual ser.), Ithaca, NY/London 1975. Revelation and divination in Ndembu ritual (Symbol, myth, and ritual ser./Cornell paperbacks, CP-158), Ithaca, NY/London 1975; - Death and the dead in the pilgrimage process, in: Rel. and social change in Southern Africa: anthropological essays in honour of Monica Wilson ed. by Michael G[eorge] Whisson and Martin Elgar West, Cape Town 1975, 107-127, erneut in: Religious encounters with death: insights from the hist. and anthropology of religions, ed. by Frank E. Reynolds and Earle H. Waugh, University Park, PA/London 1977, 24-39; Blazing the trail: Way marks in the exploration of symbols, 1992, 29-47; - Ritual as communication and potency, in: Symbols and soc.: essays on belief systems in action. Carole E. Hill, ed. (Southern Anthropological Soc. proceedings, 9), Athens, GA 1975, 58-81; Symbolic Studies, in: Annual Rv. of Anthropology [Palo Alto, CA] 4 (1975), 145-161; African ritual and Western literature: Is a comparative symbology possible?, in: The literature of fact: Selected papers from the English Institute, ed. with a foreword by Arthur Fletcher, New York 1976, 45-81, erneut in: Blazing the trail: Way marks in the exploration of symbols, 1992, 66-88; - African ritual and literary mode: is a comparative symbology possible?, in: The literature of fact: selected papers from the English Institute ed. with a foreword by Angus [John Stewart] Fletcher, New York 1976, 45-81; Religious paradigms and political action: Thomas Becket at the Council of Northampton, in: The biographical process: studies in the hist. and psychology of rel. ed. by Frank E. Reynolds and Donald Capps (Rel. and reason. Method and theory in the study and interpretation of rel., 11), The Hague/Paris 1976, 153-186; The Bite of the Hunter´s Ghost, in: Parabola. Myth and the quest for meaning [Mt Kisko, KY] 1 (1976), no. 2 [Magic], p. 42-49; Ritual, Tribal and Catholic, in: Worship. A rv. concerned with the problems of liturgical renewal [Collegeville, MN] 50 (1976), 504-526; Frame, flow and reflection: Ritual and drama as public liminality, in: Performance in postmodern culture, ed. by Michel Benamou and Charles Caramello (Theories of contemporary culture, 1), Milwaukee, WI/Madison, WI 1977, 33-55; Ndembu divination and its symbolism, in: Culture, disease, and healing: studies in medical anthropology ed. by David Landy, New York/London 1977, 175-183; Process, System and Symbol: A New Anthropological Synthesis, in: Daed. 106 (1977), 61-80, erneut in: On the Edge of the Bush, 1985, 151-173; dt.: Prozeß, System, Symbol. Eine neue anthropologische Synthese, in: Das Schwein des Häuptlings. Sechs Aufss. z. hist. Anthropologie hrsg. v. Rebekka Habermas u. Nils Minkmar. Aus dem Amerikanischen v. Robin Cackett (Wagenbachs Taschenbuch, 212), Berlin 1992, 130-146; - Sacrifice as Quintessential Process: Prophylaxis or Abandonment?, in: Hist. of Religions. An internat. journal for comparative historical studies [Chicago, IL] 16 (1977), 189-215, erneut in: Blazing the trail: Way marks in the exploration of symbols, 1992, 89-112. 163-164; Teilnachdr.: From "Sacrifice as Quintessential Process: Prophylaxis or Abandonment?", in: Understanding religious sacrifice: a reader ed. by Jeffrey Carter (Controversies in the study of rel.), London/New York 2003, 292-300; - Variations on a theme of liminality, in: Secular ritual, ed. by Sally F[alk] Moore [and] Barbara G. Myerhoff, Assen/Amsterdam 1977, 36-52, erneut in: Blazing the trail: Way marks in the exploration of symbols, 1992, 48-65; - Comments and conclusions, in: The reversible world: symbolic inversion in art and soc. ed. and with an introd. by Barbara A[llen] Babcock (Symbol, myth and ritual ser.), Ithaca, NY/London 1978, 276-296; Encounter with Freud: The making of a comparative symbologist, in: The making of psychological anthropology, ed. by George D[earborn] Spindler, Berkeley, CA/London 1978, 558-583, erneut in: Blazing the trail: Way marks in the exploration of symbols, 1992, 3-28; - Review of Ethnopoetics: A First Internat. Symposium, in: Boundary 2. An internat. journal of literature and culture [Durham, NC] 6 (1978), 583-590; Process, performance and pilgrimage: a study in comparative symbology (Ranchi anthropology ser., 1), New Delhi 1979; Dramatic Ritual/Ritual Drama: Performance and Reflexive Anthropology, in: The Kenyon Rv., publ. by Kenyon College [Gambier, OH] N.S. 1 (1979), no. 3, p. 80-93, dt.: Dramatisches Ritual, rituelles Theater, in: Vom Ritual z. Theater. Der Ernst des menschlichen Spiels. Aus dem Engl. v. Sylvia M. Schomburg-Scherff. Ungek. Ausg. (Fischer-Taschenbücher, 12779: Sozialwiss.), Frankfurt a.M. 1995, 140-160; erneut in: Performanz. Zw. Sprachphilos. u. Kulturwissenschaften, hrsg. v. Uwe Wirth (suhrkamp taschenbuch wiss., 1575), Frankfurt a.M. 2002, 193-209); - Rel. and Current Cultural Anthropology, in: Concilium. Internat. Journal for Theology, 1980, no. 6 [= 136: What is Rel.? An Inquiry for Christian Theology ed. by Mircea Eliade and David Tracy. English language ed.: Marcus Lefébure], p. 68-71; Social Dramas and Stories About Them, in: Critical Inquiry. A voice for reasoned inquiry into significant creations of the human spirit [Chicago, IL] 7 (1980), no. 4, p. 141-168, erneut in: On narrative, ed. by W[illiam] J. T[homas] Mitchell, Chicago, IL/London 1981 [= reprint. 1990, 1996], 137-164; Performance: critical concepts in literary and cultural studiesed. by Philip Auslander, vol. 3, London/New York 2003; - Morality and Liminality [The 1980 Firestone Lecture at the University of Southern California], in: Blazing the trail: Way marks in the exploration of symbols, 1992, 132-162; From ritual to theatre: The human seriousness of play (Performance studies ser., 1), New York 1982, 2nd print. 1982, it.: Dal rito al teatro. Edizione italiana a cura di Stefano De Matteis. Traduzione di Paola Capriolo (Intersezioni, 27), Bologna 1986, 1989, 1994, 2003; dt.: Vom Ritual z. Theater. Der Ernst des menschlichen Spiels. Aus dem Engl. v. Sylvia M. Schomburg-Scherff. Mit einem Nachwort v. Eugene Rochberg-Halton, Frankfurt a.M./New York 1989. Vom Ritual z. Theater. Der Ernst des menschlichen Spiels. Aus dem Engl. v. Sylvia M. Schomburg-Scherff. Ungek. Ausg. (Fischer-Taschenbücher, 12779: Sozialwiss.), Frankfurt a.M. 1995; slowen.: Od rituala do teatra: Ozbiljnost ljudske igre, Zagreb 1989; poln. [Ausz.]: Codzienność w teatrze, teatr w codzienności. Tłum. P. Skurowski, in: Dialog 9 (1988); - Images of Anti-Temporality: An Essay in the Anthropology of Experience, in: HThR 75 (1982), 243-265, erneut in: On the Edge of the Bush, 1985, 227-246; - Religious celebrations, in: Celebration: Studies in festivity and ritual [ed. by] V. W. T., Washington, DC 1982 [= 2nd print. 1983], 201-219; Das Kannokura-Fest in Shingu, in: Hans Peter Duerr (Hrsg.), Sehnsucht nach dem Ursprung. Zu Mircea Eliade, Frankfurt a.M. 1983, 467-491, engl.: The Konnukura Festival at Shingu: The Symbolism of Sun, Fire, and Light, in: Blazing the trail: Way marks in the exploration of symbols, 1992, 113-131. 164-165; - Body, Brain and Culture, in: Zygon 18 (1983), 221-245, erneut in: On the Edge of the Bush, 1985, 249-274; The anthropology of performance. Preface by Richard Schechner (Performance studies ser., 4), New York 1986, 156-176; Cross Currents. The journal of the Association for Rel. and Intellectual Life 36 (1986), 156-178; span.: Cuerpo, cerebro, cultura. Traducción de Cesar Brie para la revista "El Tonto del Pueblo", in: URL: http://dramateatro.fundacite.arg.gov.ve/ojos_de_ actor/turner_dramateatro.htm; - "Carnaval" in Rio: Dionysian drama in an industrializing soc., in: The celebration of soc.: perspectives on contemporary cultural performance [ed. by] Frank E[dward] Manning (Culture and performance), Bowling Green, OH/London, Ont. 1983, 103-124, erneut in: The anthropology of performance. Preface by Richard Schechner (Performance studies ser., 4), New York 1986, 123-138; - The spirit of celebration, in: The celebration of soc.: perspectives on contemporary cultural performance [ed. by] Frank E[dward] Manning (Culture and performance), Bowling Green, OH/London, Ont. 1983, 187-191; Play and drama: the horns of a dilemma, in: The world of play: proceedings of the 7th Annual Meeting of the Association of the Anthropological Study of Play ed. by Frank E[dward] Manning, West Point, NY 1983, 217-224; Szimbólumtanulmányok, in Jelképek - kommunikáció - társadalmi gyakorlat. Válogatott tanulmányok a szimbolikus antropológia körébol. Szerkesztette Hoppál Mihály, Niedermüller Péter, Budapest 1983, 173-186; Liminality and the performative genres, in: Rite, drama, festival, spectacle: rehearsals toward a theory of cultural performance ed. by John J. MacAloon [Papers from the 76th Burg Wartenstein symposium, sponsored by the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research], Philadelphia, PA 1984, 19-41; On the Edge of the Bush: Anthropology as Experience. Edith L[ucy] B. Turner, ed. (The anthropology of form and meaning), Tucson, AZ 1985 (darin: The Icelandic Family Saga as a Genre of Meaning-Assignment, 95-118; Conflict in Social Anthropological and Psychoanalytical Theory: Umbanda in Rio de Janeiro, 119-150; The Anthropology of Performance, 177-204; Experience and Performance: Towards a New Processual Anthropology, 205-226; The New Neurosociology, 275-290); - Epilogue: Are There Universals of Performance in Myth, Ritual, and Drama?, in: On the Edge of the Bush, 1985, 291-301, erneut in: Comparative Criticism. An annual journal [Edinburgh] 9 (1987), 35-58; By means of performance: intercultural studies of theatre and ritual, ed. by Richard Schechner and Willa Appel, Cambridge/New York 1990 [= reprint. 1991, 1995], 8-18; poln.: Czy istnieją uniwersalia widowiskowe w micie, rytuale i teatrze? Przełożył Grzegorz Janikowski, in: Konteksty. Polska sztuka ludowa. Antropologia kultury, etnografia, sztuka, 56/3-4 (Karnawały w kulturze. Życie i literatura), Warszawa 2002; - Liminality, Kabbalah, and the Media, in: Religion. A journal of rel. and religions [London] 15 (1985), no. 3: V. T. commemorative number: Jerusalem seminar on comparative liminality, p. 205-217; The anthropology of performance. Preface by Richard Schechner (Performance studies ser., 4), New York 1986, 1988, 1992, 1995 (darin: Images and Reflections: Ritual, Drama, Carnival, Film, and Spectacle in Cultural Performance, 21-32; Social Dramas in Brazilian Umbanda: The Dialectics of Meaning, 33-71; The Anthropology of Performance, 72-78; Rokujo´s Jealousy: Liminality and the Performative Genres, 99-122), it.: Antropologia della performance. Traduzione di Stefano Mosetti (Collezione di testi e di studi. Antropologia), Bologna 1993, 2004; - Dewey, Dilthey, and drama: an essay in the anthropology of experience, in: The anthropology of experience, ed. by V. W. T. and Edward M. Bruner. With an epilogue by Clifford Geertz, Urbana, IL 1986, 33-44; Carnival, ritual, and play in Rio de Janeiro, in: Time out of time: essays on the festival ed. by Allesandro Falassi, Albuquerque, NM 1987, 74-92, poln.: Karnawał, rytuał i zabawa w Rio de Janeiro. Przełożył Iwona Kurz, in: Konteksty. Polska sztuka ludowa. Antropologia kultury, etnografia, sztuka, 56/3-4 (Karnawały w kulturze. Życie i literatura), Warszawa 2002; - Badania nad symbolami (przełożyła Ewa Klekot), in: Badanie kultury. Elementy teorii antropologicznej. Wyboru dokonali i przedmową poprzedzili Marian Kempny, Ewa Nowicka. Redactia nauk. poszczeg. tekstów Michał Buchowski et al., Warszawa 2003, 89-105.
Teildr.: [aus: The ritual process: Structure and anti-structure, Kap. 3: Liminality and Communitas: Form and Attributes of Rites of Passage, 94-130] Liminality and Communitas, in: Readings in ritual studies ed. by Ronald L. Grimes, Upper Saddle River, NJ 1996, 511-519; Liminality and Communitas, in: Sociology of rel.: a reader ed. by Susanne C. Monahan, William [Andrew] Mirola, Michael O. Emerson, Upper Saddle River, NJ/London 2001, 47-54; - Liminality and Communitas, in: Mainstream and critical social theory: classical, modern and contemporary ed. by Jeffrey C. Alexander. Vol. 6: Research programs and current controversies, London 2001; - Liminality and communitas, in: The performance studies reader ed. by Henry Bial, London/New York 2004, 79-87. - Ung.: Liminalitás és communitas, in: Politikai antropológia. Szöveggyujtemény, szerk. Zentai Violetta (Szemeszter), Budapest 1997, 51-63. - Dt.: Liminalität u. Communitas, in: Andréa Belliger u. David J. Krieger (Hrsg.), Ritualtheorien. Ein einführendes Hdb., Opladen/Wiesbaden 1998, 20032, 251-262.
Gemeinschaftswerke: V. W. T. and Edith L[ucy] B. Turner, Money Economy among the Mwililunga: A Study of Some Individual Cash Budgets, in: The Rhodes-Livingstone Journal. Human problems in British Central Africa, publ. on behalf of the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute [Manchester] 18 (1955), 19-37; - V. W. T., Marc J[erome] Swartz, and Arthur Tuden, Introd., in: Political anthropology [papers presented at the 1964 Annual General Meeting of the American Anthropological Association] ed. by Marc J[erome] Swartz, V. W. T., [and] Arthur Tuden, Chicago, IL 1966, 1-41 (Ausz. in: The anthropology of politics: a reader in ethnography, theory, and critique ed. by Joan Vincent [Blackwell anthologies in social and cultural anthropology, 3], Malden, MA/Oxford 2002, 102-110); - V. W. T. and Edith L[ucy] B. Turner, Image and pilgrimage in Christian culture: Anthropological perspectives (Lectures on the hist. of religions, sponsored by the American Council of Learned Societies, N.S. 11), New York 1978. Image and pilgrimage in Christian culture: Anthropological perspectives (Lectures on the hist. of religions, 11), Oxford 1978. Image and pilgrimage in Christian culture: Anthropological perspectives. Paperback ed. (ACLS Lectures on the hist. of religions), New York 1995 (darin: Introd.: Pilgrimage as a liminoid phenomenon, 1-39; Iconophily and iconoclasm in Marian pilgrimage, 140-171), it.: Il pellegrinaggio (Collana Mnemosyne), Lecce 1997; - V. W. T. and Edith L[ucy] B. Turner, Postindustrial Marian pilgrimage, in: Mother worship: theme and variations. James J. Preston, ed. (Studies in rel.), Chapel Hill, NC 1982, 145-173; - V. W. T. and Edith L[ucy] B. Turner, Religious celebrations, in: Celebration: Studies in festivity and ritual, [ed. by] V. W. T., Washington, DC 1982, 201-219; - V. W. T. and Edith L[ucy] B. Turner, Performing Ethnography, in: The Drama Rv. The journal of performance studies [Cambridge, MA] 26 (1982), 33-50, erneut in: The anthropology of performance. Preface by Richard Schechner (Performance studies ser., 4), New York 1986, 139-155; The performance studies reader ed. by Henry Bial, London/New York 2004, 265-278.
Mitarb./Hrsg.: Political anthropology [papers presented at the 1964 Annual General Meeting of the American Anthropological Association] ed. by Marc J[erome] Swartz, V. W. T., [and] Arthur Tuden, Chicago, IL 1966; - Colonialism in Africa, 1870-1960, ed. by L[ewis] H[enry] Gann and Peter Duignan. Vol. 3: Profiles of change: African soc. and Colonial rule ed. by V. T. (Hoover Institution publ.), Cambridge/London/New York 1971; - Celebration: Studies in festivity and ritual, [ed. by] V. W. T., Washington, DC 1982; - The anthropology of experience, ed. by V. W. T. and Edward M. Bruner. With an epilogue by Clifford Geertz, Urbana, IL 1986.
Vorworte/Einll.: Foreword, in: Dorothy M[ary] Emmet, Function, purpose, and powers: some concepts in the study of individuals and societies. Second ed., with a foreword by V. T., London/Philadelphia, PA 1972, vii-xi; - Foreword, in: Barbara Myerhoff, Number our days: culture and community among elderly Jews in an American ghetto, New York 1978 [u.ö.], xiii-xvii; - Introd., in: Celebration: Studies in festivity and ritual [ed. by] V. W. T., Washington, DC 1982 [= 2nd print. 1983], 11-30; - Foreword, in: Bruce Kapferer, A celebration of demons: Exorcism and the aesthetics of healing in Sri Lanka, Bloomington, IN 1983 [u.ö.], ix-xii; - Ted C. [= Theodore Charles] Lewellen, Political anthropology: an introd., South Hadley, MA 1983. Political anthropology: an introd. Second ed., Westpost, CT 1992. Political anthropology: an introd. Foreword by V. T., written for the first ed. Third. ed., Westport, CT/London 2003, it.: Antropologia politica. Traduzione di Carlo Rossetti (Universale paperbacks Il mulino, 200), Bologna 1986, 1990; - Richard Schechner, Between theater and anthropology. Foreword by V. T., Philadelphia, PA 1985; - Betwixt and between: patterns of masculine and feminine initiation ed. by Louise Carus Mahdi, Steven Foster and Meredith Little, LaSalle, IL 1987; - Sacred journeys: the anthropology of pilgrimage ed. by Alan Morinis. Foreword by V. T. (Contributions to the study of anthropology, 7), Westport, CT 1992.
Art.: Myth and symbol, in: Internat. Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, ed. by David L. Sills, vol. 10 (Marr to Myth), New York 1968, 576-582; Religious specialists: I, Anthropological study, in: Internat. Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, ed. by David L. Sills, vol. 13 (Psyc to Samp), New York 1968, 437-444.
Teilausgg.: The Forest of Symbols: Aspects of Ndembu Ritual, Ithaca, NY 1967 (darin: Mukanda: The rite of circumcision, 151-279). The forest of symbols: Aspects of Ndembu ritual (Cornell paperbacks, CP-101), Ithaca, NY 1970, 1974, Ithaca, NY/London 1994, it.: La foresta dei simboli. Aspetti del rituale Ndembu. Con una introduzione di Antonio Marazzi. Traduzione di Nicoletta Greppi Collu (Le scienze umane), Brescia 1976. La foresta dei simboli. Aspetti del rituale Ndembu. Introduzione di Francesco Remotti. Traduzione di Nicoletta Greppi Collu (Le scienze umane), Brescia 19922, 20013; span.: La selva de los símbolos. Aspectos del ritual ndembu. Traducción del inglés de Ramón Valdés del Toro y Alberto Cardin Garay (Colección Antropología), Madrid 1980 [= 2a imp. 1990, 3a imp. 1999]; port.: A floresta de símbolos - aspectos do ritual Ndembu. Apresentação: Roberto DaMatta, tradução: Paulo Gabriel Hilu da Rocha Pinto. Revisão técnica: Arno Vogel, Niterói RJ 2005; - On the Edge of the Bush: Anthropology as Experience. Edith L[ucy] B. Turner, ed. (The anthropology of form and meaning), Tucson, AZ 1985; - Blazing the trail: Way marks in the exploration of symbols, ed. by Edith Turner (The anthropology of form and meaning), Tucson, AZ 1992; - Gry spoleczne pola i metafory. Symboliczne dzialanie w spoleczenstwie. Tlum. z jez. ang. W. Usakiewicz (Cultura), Kraków 2005.
Bibliogr.: Frank E[dward] Manning, V. T.: A Tribute, in: Recherches sémiotiques. La rv. officielle de l´Association Canadienne de Sémiotique = Semiotic inquiry 4 (1984), no. 2, p. 195-201 (Wiederveröff. u.d.T.: T.´s Career and Publications, in: V. T. and the Construction of Cultural Criticism: Between Literature and Anthropology, ed. by Kathleen M. Ashley, Bloomington, IN/Indianapolis, IN 1990, 170-177, hier: 173-177); - Henry G. Barnard, V. W. T.: A Bibliography (1952-1975), in: Anthropologica. Canadian Research Centre for Anthropology [Ottawa] 27 (1985), no. 1-2: V. T.: un hommage canadien = V. T.: a Canadian tribute. Sous la direction de / guest ed. Paul Bouissac, p. 207-233; - Blazing the trail: Way marks in the exploration of symbols, 1992, 167-173; - Verz. der Veröff. v. V. T., in: Das Ritual: Struktur u. Anti-Struktur. Aus dem Engl. u. mit einem Nachwort v. Sylvia M. Schomburg-Scherf. Studienausg., Frankfurt a.M./New York 2000, 207-209.
Lit.: Sammelwerke (im Folgenden abgek. zit.): The anthropology of experience, ed. by V. W. T. and Edward M. Bruner. With an epilogue by Clifford Geertz, Urbana, IL 1986; - V. T. and the Construction of Cultural Criticism: Between Literature and Anthropology, ed. by Kathleen M. Ashley, Bloomington, IN/Indianapolis, IN 1990.
Einzeltitel: Paul Goodman und Percival Goodman, Communitas: means of livelihood and ways of life, Chicago, IL 1947. 2nd ed., revised, New York 1960. Communitas: means of livelihood and ways of life. Preface by Paul Goldberger. Afterword: Communitas revisited, by Percival Goodman, New York 1990; it.: Communitas. Mezzi di sostentamento e modi di vivere (Saggi), Bologna 1970; dt.: Communitas. Lebensformen u. Lebensmöglichkeiten menschlicher Gemeinschaften, Köln 1994; - Monica Hunter Wilson, Nyakyusa Ritual and Symbolism, in: The American Anthropologist. Journal of the American Anthropological Association 56 (1954), 228-240, erneut in: Myth and cosmos: readings in mythology and symbolism ed. by John F[rancis] M[archment] Middleton (Texas Press sourcebooks in anthropology, 5). Repr. of the ed. published for the American Museum of Natural Hist. in the ser.: American museum sourcebooks in anthropology, Austin, TX/London 1976 [= 4th print. 1989; - Robin Horton, Ritual Man in Africa, in: Africa. Journal of the Internat. African Institute 34 (1964), 85-104, erneut in: Reader in comparative rel.: an antropological approach [ed. by] William A[rmand] Lessa, Evon Z[artman] Vogt. 3rd ed., New York/Evanston, IL/San Francisco/London 1972, 243-254; - Clifford Geertz, Rel. as a cultural system, in: Reader in comparative rel.: an anthropological approach [ed. by] William A[rmand] Lessa, [and] Evon Z[artman] Vogt. 2nd ed., New York 1965, 204-213. 3rd ed., New York/Evanston, IL/San Francisco/London 1972, 170. Reader in comparative rel.: an anthropological approach, ed. by William A[rmand] Lessa and Evon Z[artman] Vogt, with the assistance of John M[amoru] Watanabe. 4th ed., New York 1979, 78-89, erneut in: Anthropological approaches to the study of rel., ed. by Michael P[arker] Banton (A[ssociation of] S[ocial] A[nthropologists of the Commonwealth] monographs, 3), London 1966 [= reprint. London/New York 2004: Routledge library editions. Anthropology and ethnography, 042: Rel., rites & ceremonies, 4], 1-46; The religious situation: 1968: the first in a ser. of annual vols. ed. by Donald R. Cutler, Boston 1968, 639-688; Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays (Harper torchbooks, 5043), New York 1973 [u.ö.], 87-125; Make men of them: introductory readings for cultural anthropology ed. by Charles C[ampbell] Hughes [Rand McNally anthropology ser], Chicago 1973; Language, truth, and religious belief: studies in twentieth-century theory and method in rel., ed. by Nancy K. 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Christine Essen, Prozessorientierte Organisationsaufstellungen, in: Gunthard Weber (Hrsg.), Praxis der Organisationsaufstellungen. Grundlagen, Prinzipien, Anwendungsbereiche (Werkstattschrr. z. systemischen Lösungen nach Bert Hellinger), Heidelberg 2002, 127-155; - Jacek Dziekan, Teatr z rytualem za pan brat? Notatki na marginesie "Teatru w codzienności, codzienności w teatrze" Victora Turnera, in: Ojczyzny słowa. Narracyjne wymiary kultury. Pod redakcją Wojciecha J. Burszty i Waldemara Kuligowskiego, Poznań 2002; - Paul G. Letkeman, The Office Workplace: Communitas and Hierarchical Social Structures, in: Anthropologica [Ontario] 44 (2002), 257-269; - Jenni Prueitt, Ritual, Rev. and the Consecration of Symbols: A T.-Style Analysis of Ahmad Kamal´s "The Sacred Journey", in: Chrestomathy. Annual Rv. of Undergraduate Research at the College of Charleston 2 (2002), 221-242; - Bruno Quast, V. T. u. das MA. Chancen u. 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Klaus-Gunther Wesseling
Literaturergänzung:
2007
Victor Witter: Tobias Benzing, Ritual u. Sakrament. Liminalität bei V.T. Frankfurt/M. 2007; -
2008
Christian Strecker, Leben als liminale Existenz. Kulturanthropolog. Betrachtungen zum frühchristl. Existenzverständnis am Beisp. von Phil 3, in: EvTh 68.2008, S. 460-472.
Letzte Änderung: 07.01.2009
